The equation of a circle is ( x − a) 2 + ( y − b) 2 = r 2 where a and b are the coordinates of the center ( a, b) and r is the radius. These coordinates are equal, up to sign, to distances from the point to n mutually perpendicular hyperplanes.Ĭartesian coordinate system with a circle of radius 2 centered at the origin marked in red. In general, n Cartesian coordinates (an element of real n-space) specify the point in an n-dimensional Euclidean space for any dimension n. One can use the same principle to specify the position of any point in three-dimensional space by three Cartesian coordinates, its signed distances to three mutually perpendicular planes (or, equivalently, by its perpendicular projection onto three mutually perpendicular lines). The coordinates can also be defined as the positions of the perpendicular projections of the point onto the two axes, expressed as signed distances from the origin. Each reference line is called a coordinate axis or just axis (plural axes) of the system, and the point where they meet is its origin, at ordered pair (0, 0). Four points are marked and labeled with their coordinates: (2, 3) in green, (−3, 1) in red, (−1.5, −2.5) in blue, and the origin (0, 0) in purple.Ī Cartesian coordinate system ( UK: / k ɑː ˈ t iː zj ə n/, US: / k ɑːr ˈ t i ʒ ə n/) in a plane is a coordinate system that specifies each point uniquely by a pair of numerical coordinates, which are the signed distances to the point from two fixed perpendicular oriented lines, measured in the same unit of length. with independent fingers and thumbs.Illustration of a Cartesian coordinate plane. Anthropomorphic robot: It is shaped in a way that resembles a human hand, i.e.It's a robot whose arms have concurrent prismatic or rotary joints. Parallel robot: One use is a mobile platform handling cockpit flight simulators.It's a robot whose arm has at least three rotary joints. Articulated robot: Used for assembly operations, diecasting, fettling machines, gas welding, arc welding and spray painting.This robot features two parallel rotary joints to provide compliance in a plane. SCARA robot: Used for pick and place work, application of sealant, assembly operations and handling machine tools.It's a robot whose axes form a polar coordinate system. Spherical robot / Polar robot Used for handling machine tools, spot welding, diecasting, fettling machines, gas welding and arc welding.It's a robot whose axes form a cylindrical coordinate system. Cylindrical robot: Used for assembly operations, handling at machine tools, spot welding, and handling at diecasting machines.It's a robot whose arm has three prismatic joints, whose axes are coincident with a Cartesian coordinator. Cartesian robot / Gantry robot: Used for pick and place work, application of sealant, assembly operations, handling machine tools and arc welding.In some circumstances, close emulation of the human hand is desired, as in robots designed to conduct bomb disarmament and disposal. For example, robot arms in automotive assembly lines perform a variety of tasks such as welding and parts rotation and placement during assembly. The end effector, or robotic hand, can be designed to perform any desired task such as welding, gripping, spinning etc., depending on the application.